The Health and Safety Executive(HSE) as the body responsible for enforcing safety laws in our schools believes that up to 80% of accidents and incidents can be attributed to what they are calling now “Human Factors”. An indication of how Human Factors integrate with the HSE’s Regulatory function can be seen in the where they emphasise such as contributory factors. The list below shows where HSE have identified Human Factors as problems in priority areas for their action.This list is extracted from the HSC’s Strategic Plan to 2010 and beyond andappears on HSE's Human Factors website.
* Prevention of musculoskeletal disorders and manual handling injuries
* Management of work-related stress
* Preventing falls from height
* Preventing slips and trips
* Preventing workplace transport accidents
* Human factors in design (e.g. alarm handling in control rooms, vehicle cab design etc)
* The design and effectiveness of procedures
* Human reliability – human error and systems failures e.g. maintenance error
* Assessing organisational change and its implications
* Effects of organisational culture
* Communications and their effects on health and safety
* Staffing levels and workload
* Fatigue from working patterns - shiftwork and overtime
* Training and competence
You may wonder why I've started off with Human Factors but just look at this list again.
HSE never rush into enforcement and making prosecutions without informing and reinforming the public.
Now add up all the functions where management can make improvements on what HSE say is 80% of
accidents and where their priority areas are.
Got it?
What this tells us is where HSE will be focusing over the next period of time - managing safety.
This is confirmed by work which I have done on Head teacher's Safety Management Toolkit user’s behalf by revisiting HSE’s Database of Enforcement and this and a subsequent article gives information and analyses the information.
You can see information on this Toolkit and get access to the Analysis at http://www.swaneducation.worksites.com
This article looks at the raw data and makes some comments and observations on Enforcing School Safety.To be able to do this I have gone through HSE databases for the last 5 years and extracted all the Education related Enforcement actions.
These include :
Enforcement Orders
These are orders issued by Inspectors to:
Prohibit an unsafe action or activity either immediately or within a specified time frame,(Prohibition Notice)
Or,
Improve an unsafe activity or condition again within a time frame.(Improvement Notice)
These orders are the major part of HSE’s enforcement activity;for example there were 214 Orders made against schools and employers over the time period of the Database,(approx. 5 years) whilst there were only 34 prosecutions.
Enforcement Notices are Orders and need to be taken very seriously by anyone who gets one as HSE will prosecute if a Notice is ignored.
Ignoring an Enforcement Notice is actually given as a criterion for prosecution in their Enforcement Policy document.
Let us just look at what the situation actually is in schools as regards numbers of prosecutions and notices.
Prosecutions
In 2004/5 there were 712 prosecutions in total made by HSE in which they secured about 95% success of conviction.
The total number of prosecutions over the time frame for the HSE Database is just over 4000, which shows that schools and education with 34 prosecutions account for less than 1% of all prosecutions.
However, some extremely high profile cases from the education sector do not appear on HSE’s database.
This is always the case for any work related death which would be prosecuted by the Crown Prosecution(England and Wales) or the Procurator Fiscal(Scotland).
Thus, a teacher prosecuted for a death occurring on a school trip falls outside HSE’s database. However,they have reported two prosecutions where children have been injured on trips and HSE has followed the incident up with a prosecution. One of these was a prosecution of both the Employer(Council) and the Head teacher.
Looking at the actual figures of breaches involved in prosecutions gives us some indication of where actions are occurring now and later we shall look at the breaches involved in enforcement orders which may give us a clue to future actions.
HSE reports Breaches against each prosecution or notice. A Breach indicates the specific law(s) or regulation(s) which is cited in relation to the offence.
I have indicated the singular and plural above because one offence can breach several laws and regulations and HSE will report all the breaches against the offence.
Prosecutions
Primary Schools - Total 16
Secondary Schools - Total 18
Breaches in Primary Schools
HASAW Act Sect 2 - 3
HASAW Act Sect 3 - 6
Management of H&S Regs 4
Electricity at Work 1
Construction Design & Maint Regs 1
Construction H&S Regs 1
Gas Safety Inst &Use Regs
Workplace (H&S) regs
Control of Asbestos Regs
Breaches in Secondary Schools
HASAW Act Sect 2 - 3
HASAW Act Sect 3 - 10
Management of H&S Regs 4
Electricity at Work
Construction Design & Maint Regs
Construction H&S Regs 1
Gas Safety Inst &Use Regs 1
Workplace (H&S) regs 1
Control of Asbestos Regs 6
If you check the figures above the secondary figures do not add up to 18. This is because, as I explained above, often more than one breach is involved in an offence or a enforcement notice.
All Enforcement Notices in Schools
Primary Schools Total 77
Secondary Schools Total 137
Improvement Notices
Primary School Total 63
Secondary School Total 102
Prohibition Notices
Primary Schools Total 14
Secondary Schools Total 35
Made up of Breaches(Primary Schools)
HASAW Act Sect 2 38
HASAW Act Sect 3 41
Management of H&S Regs 42
Electricity at Work 6
Construction Design & Maint 1
COSHH 4
Prov&Use of Work Equipment 4
Manual Handling 3
Workplace (H&S) regs 26
Control of Asbestos Regs 7
This may not mean a lot to a non- safety professional but we can look at this another way.
What breaches occur in small numbers?
Well it appears to me that emphasis on CDM, COSHH and Manual Handling must have been dealt with fairly well by schools.
Alternatively relatively few accidents may have happened to be reported under the RIDDORs Regulations i.e there may have been accidents or incidents but not frequent or serious enough to appear on the HSE radar.
What isn’t there at all?
There are absolutely no Display Screen Equipment Regulations notices let alone any prosecutions. I think most of us would not be too surprised not to see any references to the Personal Protective Equipment Regulations or those covering Noise. However, since there has been so much emphasis on DSE Regs and schools are now crammed with PCs and ICT it seems that DSE Regs are not high on HSE’s priorities.
NB this does not mean there will never be enforcement and there is a requirement for a Risk Assessment to be carried out against these Regulations even if the RA says minimal or no significant risk and Action: No action!
What is there a lot of notices issued for?
Health and Safety at Work Act Sections 2 & 3 are “catch all” breaches and essentially Section 2 says “not ensuring employees safety” and Section 3 “not ensuring the safety of others(non employeesi.e pupils and visitors/contractors)”.
The largest number of notices arise around the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations. This is relatively new and the focus is to make sure that dutyholders manage safety.This is where there is likely to be increasing emphasis for the future.
There are also 26 notices around breaches of the Workplace(H&S) Regulations. This can be partly explained by a HSE initiative started in Kent to ensure regulation of site traffic and that pedestrians were separated from it.
So, quite a few of these Workplace Regs breaches are about site traffic, school buses whilst others are about unsafe structures in the school.
Comments on Enforcement
As I indicated above we can get inside the mind of HSE by looking at their Plans and Policies.
They quite openly tell us that:
a) Enforcement will be used to drive Plans and Policy.
b) Enforcement will be targeted at the most serious risks.
c) Enforcement will be targeted to improve standards.
d) Their evidence shows and confirms that enforcement is an effective motivator and deterrent.
e) They believe that enforcement plays an important role in securing compliance.
f) That enforcement in the form of prosecutions comes about mainly from investigations into reports received on serious incidents.(about 90 -95%)
We'll look at actual examples of all these in another article and see what specific offences are most and least common and what other lessons we can learned to maintain schools as safe learning environments and to ensure the health and safety of our children and staff.
